Category: Western Philosophy

Ancient Scepticism argues certainty is unreachable through Pyrrho’s lens analogy and Agrippa’s five modes — yet suspending judgment brings real peace.

Stoic Philosophy teaches that happiness depends only on what we control — using logos, the dichotomy of control, and apatheia to master everything else.

Epicureanism argues true happiness is ataraxia — a tranquil mind freed from fear of gods and death through atomism, prudence, and simple pleasures alone.

Ancient Cynicism taught radical self-sufficiency through Diogenes’s shocking public life — and became the direct philosophical ancestor of Roman Stoicism.

Hellenistic Philosophy emerged after Alexander’s conquests shattered Greek civic life — producing five schools built for inner peace, not politics itself.

Aristotle’s Political Philosophy classifies six forms of government and argues polity — middle-class rule under law — is the best achievable state today.

Aristotle’s Ethics defines eudaimonia as rational activity, not pleasure or fame — achieved through the Golden Mean and habitually practiced moral virtue.

Aristotle on the Soul defines psyche as the body’s form, not a separate substance — until the Active Nous paradox brings him strangely back toward Plato.

Aristotle’s concept of God is the Unmoved Mover — an eternal, immaterial final cause that draws the cosmos through pure actuality, not creation or will.

Aristotle’s metaphysics explains change through substance, form, matter, the four causes, and teleology — his direct answer to Plato’s Theory of Forms.