philoparadoxia

A clear and student-friendly explanation of Gnostic, Arian, Pelagian, and Manichean heresies, their challenges to Christianity, and their impact on medieval philosophy.

A clear and student-friendly explanation of how Christianity developed—from Jesus’ original teachings, to Paul’s interpretations, John’s Logos philosophy, and finally the formation of the early Church as an institution. Ideal revision notes for philosophy and religion students.

Discover how Judaism evolved from the time of Abraham and Moses to the era of Jesus. This concise overview explains how Jewish faith, law, and philosophy shaped the roots of Christianity and the foundations of Western religious thought.

A clear and practical introduction to Stoic philosophy. Learn its origins, key ideas, metaphysics, ethics, apatheia, duty, and the teachings of Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. Ideal for students looking to understand Stoicism in a simple and systematic way.

A clear and student-friendly explanation of Plato’s Theory of Forms, metaphysical dualism, participation, degrees of reality, core principles, and major criticisms including the Third Man Argument. Perfect for philosophy exams and revision.

Understand Plato’s theory of knowledge in a simple way. These notes explain how Plato refutes relativism and skepticism, why knowledge is not sense-perception or opinion, and how knowledge becomes “Justified True Belief.” A clear guide for philosophy students.

A clear and student-friendly explanation of Socrates — his life, the Socratic method, virtue ethics, care of the soul, political views, and legacy. Includes key concepts like Eudaimonia, Ethical Intellectualism, and the unity of virtue, based on Plato’s dialogues.

A clear and student-friendly explanation of the Sophists, their ideas on rhetoric, skepticism, relativism, and how they influenced Socrates, Plato, and Greek philosophy.